About the Author xviiAcknowledgments xixPart 1 Circuit Elements and Resistive Circuits 11 Ohm’s Law, Branch Relationships, and Sources 31.1 Chapter Summary and Polarity Reference 31.2 Branch Relationships and I–V Characteristics 51.3 Ohm’s Law, Resistance, and Resistors 81.4 Current, Voltage, and Sources Overview 111.5 Voltage Sources 121.6 Current and Current Sources 142 Kirchhoff’s Laws and Resistive Dividers 172.1 Kirchhoff’s Laws and Dividers Comparison Summary 172.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws Physical Analogies 182.3 Source Polarity in KVL – Time and Frequency Domains 192.4 Formulae Summary for Resistors in Series and Parallel 262.5 Resistors in Series 272.6 Voltage Dividers 322.7 Parallel Circuit Element Formulae 332.8 Current Dividers 362.9 Current and Voltage Intuitions 373 Opamp Models and Resistive Circuits 393.1 Introduction and Ideal Opamp Model Results Overview 393.2 Ideal Opamp Resistive Amplifier Circuits 414 Reactive Circuit Elements 454.1 Capacitor and Inductor Comparison Summary 454.2 Capacitors 474.3 Inductors 51Part 2 First-Order Circuits 575 First-Order RC and RL Circuits Introduction 595.1 What are First-Order Circuits? 595.2 Intuitive First-Order Circuit Frequency Domain Examples 615.3 First-Order Natural and Step Response Overview 626 First-Order Frequency Domain Response 656.1 First-Order Frequency Response Overview 656.2 Series RC High-pass Filter Frequency Response 716.3 Series RL Low-pass Filter Frequency Response 896.4 Series RC Low-pass Filter Frequency Response 1086.6 Parallel RL Low-pass Filter Frequency Response 1286.7 Parallel RC High-pass Filter Frequency Response 1397 Discharging and Charging First-Order RC and RL Circuits 1497.1 Discharging RC and RL Circuits – Natural Response 1497.2 Charging RC and RL Circuits – Step Response 1537.3 The Exponential Time Constant t (Tau) 1557.4 Pulse Train Time Constants Simulation Example 1568 Natural Response of RC and RL Circuits 1598.1 RC and RL Circuits Natural Response Summary 1598.2 RC and RL Natural Response Derivation 1608.3 RC Natural Response (ZIR) Time Constants and Initial Current 1668.4 Natural Response of Series RL with Voltage Source 1678.5 First-Order RC and RL Natural Response Summary 1719 First-Order Step Response of RC and RL Circuits 1739.1 First-Order Step Response Summary Overview 1739.2 Intuitive Analysis of RC and RL Step Response 1779.3 Series RC Step Response Solution Using a Particular Solution 1819.4 Series RL Step Response Solution Using a Particular Solution 1849.5 Series RL Step Response with Voltage Source 1889.6 First-Order Step Response Summary 19010 Complete Response of First-Order RC and RL Circuits 19110.1 First-Order Complete Response Summary Overview 19110.2 Series RC Complete Response Examples 19210.3 RL Complete Response Example and Intuitive Analysis 19510.4 Complete Response with Switches 19910.5 Complete Response General Derivation and Formulae 20211 First-Order Opamp Integrator and Differentiator Circuits 20711.1 RC Integrator Circuit Step Response 20711.2 Opamp Integrator Circuit 20811.3 Opamp Inverting Differentiator Circuit 210Part 3 Second-Order Circuits 21112 Second-Order RLC Circuits Overview 21312.1 What are Second-Order Circuits? 21312.2 Resonance in the Frequency Domain 21512.3 Second-Order RLC Transfer Functions and Q 21612.4 Two Time Domain Responses 21713 Second-Order RLC Frequency Response 21913.1 Series and